Travertine

1. Introduction
1.1 Definitions
1.2 Travertine compared with other non-marine carbonates
1.3 Etymology
1.4 History of the science of travertine formation 2. Classification And Origins
2.1 Travertine precipitation
2.2 Classification on carrier CO2
2.2.1 Meteogene travertines
2.2.2 Thermogene travertines
2.2.2.1 Magmatic generation of carrier
2.2.2.2 Decarbonation
2.2.2.3 CO2 from of heated organic matter
2.2.3 ‘Orgamox’ waters and other CO2 sources
2.3 Other classifications
2.4 Sources of bedrock carbonate and calcium 3. Travertine Fabric
3.1 The microfabric
3.1.1 Calcite fabrics; micrite and sparit
3.1.2 Calcite fabrics: dendritic and similar forms
3.1.3 Calcite fabrics: shrubs and bushes
3.1.4 Aragonite fabrics
3.2 Mesofabrics
3.2.1 Porosity
3.2.2 Bedding and jointing
3.2.3 Floe, nodules and thinolite
3.2.4 Biofabrics
3.2.5 Coated grains: ooids and oncoids
3.2.5.1 Ooids
3.2.5.2 Oncoids
3.2.5.2.1 Fluvial oncoids
3.2.5.2.2 Lacustrine oncoids
3.2.6 Lamination
3.2.6.1 Banding within a fabric
3.2.6.2 Alternation of fabrics
3.2.6.3 Stromatolites
3.3 Diagenesis
3.3.1 Primary fabric and cement
3.3.2 Meteoric diagenesis
3.3.2.1 Percolation of stream and groundwater
3.3.2.2 Dissolution of carbonate
3.3.2.3 Recrystallisation of calcite
3.3.2.4 Recrystallisation of aragonite
3.3.2.5 Sparmicritisation
3.3.3 Burial diagenesis 4. Morphology And Facies
4.1 Authochthonous travertines
4.1.1 Spring mounds
4.1.2 Fissure ridges
4.1.3 Cascades
4.1.4 Dams
4.1.4.1 Minidams
4.1.4.2 Macrodams
4.1.5 Fluvial crusts
4.1.6 Lake deposits
4.1.6.1 Lacustrine crusts
4.1.6.2 Reefs
4.1.7 Paludal deposits
4.1.8 Cemented rudites and clasts
4.1.9 Speleothems
4.2 Allochthonous (clastic) travertines
4.3 Travertine caves
4.4Post-depositional effects on morphology
4.4.1 Karstification
4.4.2 Soils
4.4.3 Mass movement
4.4.4 Effects on fluvial systems 5. Limestone Solution, Groundwater And Spring Emergence
5.1 Limestone solution and groundwater
5.1.1 Meteogene source waters
5.1.2 Thermogene and superambient meteogene source waters
5.2 Spring emergence - structural controls 6. Chemical Composition Of Travertine-Depositing Source Waters
6.1 Meteogene source waters
6.1.1 The CO2-Ca-H system
6.1.2 Mg, Na, SO4 and Cl
6.1.3 Calcium hydroxide source waters (invasive meteogenes)
6.1.4 Superambient meteogene source waters
6.1.5 ‘Orgamox’ waters
6.2 Thermogene waters
6.2.1 The CO2-Ca-H system
6.2.2 Mg, Na, SO4 and Cl
6.3 Minor components of source waters
6.3 Saline waters 7. Mineralogy And Elemental Composition
7.1 Calcite and aragonite mineralogy
7.2 Occurrence of calcite and aragonite in travertine
7.3 Autochthonous carbonate minerals excluding CaCO3
7.4 Calcite and aragonite crystal habit
7.4.1 Calcite
7.4.2 Aragonite and vaterite
7.5 The calcium carbonate content of travertine
7.6 Trace constituents of calcite and aragonite
7.6.1 Strontium
7.6.2 Magnesium
7.6.3 The alkali metals
7.6.4 Iron and manganese
7.6.5 Phosphorus
7.6.6 Other elements
7.7 Autochthonous non-carbonate minerals
7.7.1 Gypsum
7.7.2 Barytes
7.7.3 Mn and Fe minerals
7.7.4 Sulphur
7.7.5 Silica
7.7.6 Other minerals
7.8 Allochthonous components
7.9 Fluid inclusions
7.10 Organic matter content
7.11 Fluorescence and phosphorescence 8. Stable Isotopes Of Travertine And The Associated Waters
8.1 Oxygen
8.1.1 The hydrological cycle
8.1.2 Oxygen isotopes in carbonates
8.1.3 Oxygen isotopes in travertine
8.1.4 Oxygen isotope equilibrium
8.1.4.1 Kinetic disequilibrium caused by CO2