Atomic Force Microscopy in Liquid – Biological Applications

PART I: General Atomic Force Microscopy
<br />
<br /> AFM: BASIC CONCEPTS
<br /> Atomic Force Microscope: Principles
<br /> Piezoelectric Scanners
<br /> Tips and Cantilevers
<br /> Force Detection Methods for Imaging in Liquids
<br /> AFM Operation Modes: Contact, Jumping/Pulsed, Dynamic
<br /> The Feedback Loop
<br /> Image Representation
<br /> Artifacts and Resolution Limits
<br />
<br /> CARBON NANOTUBE TIPS IN ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY WITH APPLICATIONS TO IMAGING IN LIQUID
<br /> Introduction
<br /> Fabrication of CNT AFM Probes
<br /> Chemical Functionalization
<br /> Mechanical Properties of CNTs in Relation to AFM Applications
<br /> Dynamics of CNT Tips in Liquid
<br /> Performance and Resolution of CNT Tips in Liquid
<br />
<br /> FORCE SPECTROSCOPY
<br /> Introduction
<br /> Measurement of Force Curves
<br /> Measuring Surface Forces by the Surface Force Apparatus
<br /> Forces between Macroscopic Bodies
<br /> Theory of DLVO Forces between Two Surfaces
<br /> Van der Waals Forces – the Hamaker Constant
<br /> Electrostatic Force between Surfaces in a Liquid
<br /> Spatially Resolved Force Spectroscopy
<br /> Force Spectroscopy Imaging of Single DNA Molecules
<br /> Solvation Forces
<br /> Hydrophobic Forces
<br /> Steric Forces
<br /> Conclusive Remarks
<br />
<br /> DYNAMIC–MODE AFM IN LIQUID
<br /> Introduction
<br /> Operation Principles
<br /> Instrumentation
<br /> Quantitative Force Measurements
<br /> High–Resolution Imaging
<br /> Summary and Future Prospects
<br />
<br /> FUNDAMENTALS OF AFM CANTILEVER DYNAMICS IN LIQUID ENVIRONMENTS
<br /> Introduction
<br /> Review of Fundamentals of Cantilever Oscillation
<br /> Hydrodynamics of Cantilevers in Liquids
<br /> Methods of Dynamic Excitation
<br /> Dynamics of Cantilevers Interacting with Samples in Liquids
<br /> Outlook
<br />
<br /> SINGLE–MOLECULE FORCE SPECTROSCOPY
<br /> Introduction
<br /> AFM–SMFS Principles
<br /> Dynamics of Adhesion Bonds
<br /> Specific versus Other Interactions
<br /> Steered Molecular Dynamics Simulations
<br /> Biological Findings Using AFM–SMFS
<br /> Concluding Remarks
<br />
<br /> HIGH–SPEED AFM FOR OBSERVING DYNAMIC PROCESSES IN LIQUID
<br /> Introduction
<br /> Theoretical Derivation of Imaging Rate and Feedback Bandwidth
<br /> Techniques Realizing High–Speed Bio–AFM
<br /> Substrate Surfaces
<br /> Imaging of Dynamic Molecular Processes
<br /> Future Prospects of High–Speed AFM
<br /> Conclusion
<br />
<br /> INTEGRATION OF AFM WITH OPTICAL MICROSCOPY TECHNIQUES
<br /> Introduction
<br /> Combining AFM and IRM–TIRF
<br /> Combining AFM and FRET
<br /> FRET–AFM
<br /> Sample Preparation and Experiment Setup
<br />
<br /> PART II: Biological Applications
<br />
<br /> AFM IMAGING IN LIQUID OF DNA AND PROTEIN–DNA COMPLEXES
<br /> Overview: the Study of DNA at Nanoscale Resolution
<br /> Sample Preparation for AFM Imaging of DNA and Protein–DNA Complexes
<br /> AFM of DNA in Aqueous Solutions
<br /> AFM Imaging of Alternative DNA Conformations
<br /> Dynamics of Protein –
<br /> DNA Interactions
<br /> DNA Condensation
<br /> Conclusions
<br />
<br /> STABILITY OF LIPID BILAYERS AS MODEL MEMBRANES: ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY AND SPECTROSCOPY APPROACH
<br /> Biological Membranes
<br /> Mechanical Characterization of Lipid Membranes
<br /> Future Perspectives
<br />
<br /> SINGLE–MOLECULE ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY OF CELLULAR SENSORS
<br /> Introduction
<br /> Methods
<br /> Probing Single Yeast Sensors in Live Cells
<br /> Conclusions
<br />
<br /> A FM–BASED SINGLE–CELL FORCE SPECTROSCOPY
<br /> Introduction
<br /> Cantilever Choice
<br /> Cantilever Functionalization
<br /> Cantilever Calibration
<br /> Cell Attachment to the AFM Cantilever
<br /> Recording a Force –
<br /> Distance Curve
<br /> Processing F –
<br /> D Curves
<br /> Quantifying Overall Cell Adhesion by SCFS
<br /> SFCS with Single–Molecule Resolution
<br /> Dynamic Force Spectroscopy
<br /> Measuring Cell –
<br /> Cell Adhesion
<br /> Conclusions and Outlook
<br />
<br /> NANOSURGICAL MANIPULATION OF LIVING CELLS WITH THE AFM
<br /> Introduction: Mechanical Manipulation of Living Cells
<br /> Basic Mechanical Properties of Proteins and Cells
<br /> Hole Formation on the Cell Membrane
<br /> Extraction of mRNA from Living Cells
<br /> DNA Delivery and Gene Expression
<br /> Mechanical Manipulation of Intracellular SFs
<br /> Cellular Adaptation to Local Stresses
<br /> Application of Carbon Nanotube Needles
<br /> Use of Fabricated AFM Probes with a Hooking Function
<br /> Membrane Protein Extraction
<br /> Future Prospects