Wind Flow and Vapor Cloud Dispersion at Industrial and Urban Sites (A CCPS Concept Book) +CD

Preface.
<p>Acknowledgments.</p>
<p>List of Symbols.</p>
<p>1. Introduction.</p>
<p>1.1 Background.</p>
<p>1.2 Objectives of This Book.</p>
<p>1.3 Overview.</p>
<p>1.4 Definition of Scenarios and Modeling Scales.</p>
<p>2. Overview of Meteorology and Atmospheric Dispersion.</p>
<p>2.1 Definitions of Concepts and Terms.</p>
<p>2.2 Engineering Background.</p>
<p>2.3 Surveys of Currently Available Methods for Classifying Dispersion Coefficients for a Variety of Surface Types.</p>
<p>2.3.1 Introduction to Discussion of Effects of Surface Features.</p>
<p>2.3.2 Use of Simple Gaussian Dispersion Model to Understand the Effects of Roughness.</p>
<p>2.3.3 Situations Where Winds, Stability and Underlying Terrain Vary in Time and/or Space.</p>
<p>2.3.4 Methods for Accounting for Surface Roughness Length and Displacement Length in Dispersion Models.</p>
<p>2.4 Survey of Experiments Showing Effects or Surface Roughness Obstacles on Dispersion.</p>
<p>2.4.1 Dispersion of Clouds with Mass–Weighted Mean Heights Greater Than the Roughness Obstacle Height, H_r.</p>
<p>2.4.2 Dispersion of Clouds with Mass–Weighted Mean Heights Less Than the Roughness Obstacle Height, H_r.</p>
<p>3. Methods for Characterizing the Effects of Surface Roughness Obstacles on Flow.</p>
<p>3.1 Required Flow Characteristics for Input to Transport and Dispersion Models.</p>
<p>3.2 Consideration of Flow Above and Below the Tops of the Obstacles.</p>
<p>3.3 Flow above the Surface Roughness Obstacles.</p>
<p>3.3.1Definition of Surface Roughness Length z_o, and Displacement Length, d, as They Relate to Flow Characteristics Such as Wind Speed.</p>
<p>3.3.2 Methods for Estimating z_o and d from Wind Observations.</p>
<p>3.3.3 Size of Surface Area that Influences Flow at a Given Height.</p>
<p>3.3.4 Estimation of z_o and d Based on Knowledge of Surface Roughness Obstacles Dimensions and Geometric Relations (the Morphological Method).</p>
<p>3.3.5 Overview of Land Use Category Methods for Estimating z_o and d.</p>
<p>3.3.6 Estimation of z_o for Surface Conditions Varying in Space.</p>
<p>3.4 Flow Through an Obstacle Array.</p>
<p>3.4.1 Extent of the Roughness Sublayer.</p>
<p>3.4.2 Wind Velocity Fields within and Near Obstacle Arrays.</p>
<p>3.4.3 Model Comparison with Experimental Data.</p>
<p>3.4.4 The Turbulence Field within the Obstacle Array.</p>
<p>3.4.5 Extensions to Other Effects within the Obstacle Array.</p>
<p>3.4.6 Summary of Recommendations for Wind Speed and Turbulence within the Obstacle Array.</p>
<p>3.5 Summary of Recommended Methods for Estimating z_o, d, and Flow Characteristics Such as Wind Profiles, Friction Velocity (u∗), and Turbulence Velocities in Urban and Industrial Areas.</p>
<p>3.5.1 Definition of Region of Interest (from Source to Receptor),</p>
<p>3.5.2 Determination of z_o and d.</p>
<p>3.5.3 General Simple Formulas for u∗, u(z), and Turbulent Velocities.</p>
<p>3.5.4 Selection of an Appropriate Mean Wind Speed and Stability.</p>
<p>3.5.5 Estimates of Urban and Industrial Geometric Parameters H_r, _f, and p Using the ROUGH Code.</p>
<p>3.5.6 Range of Uncertainty in Estimates of z_o, d, u∗, u(z), and Turbulent Velocities.</p>
<p>4. Integration of Roughness into Dispersion Models.</p>
<p>4.1 Objectives and Fundamental Physical Concepts.</p>
<p>4.2 Dispersion Models for Clouds Extending Above H_r.</p>
<p>4.2.1 Introduction to General Characteristics of Models.</p>
<p>4.2.2 Summary of Dispersion Experiments over Rough Surfaces.</p>
<p>4.2.3 Gaussian Plume and Puff Model.</p>
<p>4.3 Dispersion Models for Clouds below H_r.</p>
<p>4.3.1 The Cloud Velocity, u_e oru,sub&gt;avg, below H_r.</p>
<p>4.3.2 The Vertical Plume Dimension _z below H_r.</p>
<p>4.3.3 The Lateral Plume Dimension _y below H_r.</p>
<p>4.3.4 The Along–Wind Puff Dimension _x below H_r.</p>
<p>4.3.5 The Effect of u_c, _x and _y and _z on the Concentration at Heights below H_r.</p>
<p>4.3.6 Extension to Positively and Negatively Buoyant Releases below H_r.</p>
<p>4.4 Transition Methods for Clouds of Height Close to H_r within the Urban Roughness Sublayer.</p>
<p>4.5 Summary and Recommendations.</p>
<p>4.5.1 Dispersion Models for Clouds extending above H_r.</p>
<p>4.5.2 Dispersion Models for Clouds Released above or Near H_r.</p>
<p>4.5.3 Dispersion Models for Clouds below H_r.</p>
<p>4.5.4 Dispersion Models for Scenarios Where the Upwind and Downwind Roughness Is Different.</p>
<p>4.5.5 Dispersion Models for Clouds Released Upwind of the Roughness and Traveling into and through the Roughness.</p>
<p>5. Worked Examples of Calculations of Surface Roughness Length for Seven Industrial and Urban Scenarios.</p>
<p>5.1 Case I: Small (18 m by 24 m) Industrial Plant.</p>
<p>5.2 Case 2: A Group of Industrial Warehouses Covering a 250 m by 250 m Area.</p>
<p>5.3 Case 3: Medium–Sized (400 m by 400 m) Refinery.</p>
<p>5.4 Case 4: Typical Urban Area (Chicago).</p>
<p>5.5 Case 5: Industrial Plant (Case 3) in Chicago Urban Area.</p>
<p>5.6 Case 6: Industrial Plant from Case 3 Located on a Peninsula.</p>
<p>5.7 Case 7: Large 4 km by 4 km Refinery in a Desert.</p>
<p>5.8 Summary of Seven Cases Used for Worked Examples.</p>
<p>Appendix: Text Files for CD–Rom with z_o Estimation Codes.</p>
<p>ROUGH–GEOMETRY User s Guide.</p>
<p>ROUGH–ZO User s Guide.</p>
<p>References.</p>
<p>Glossary.</p>
<p>Index.</p>